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China’s troubled trade protectionism in the past 10 years after its accession to the WTO exceeded 600 times
Editor's Note: As of December 11, 2011, China has been in the World Trade Organization for ten years. When China first joined the WTO, many people may not realize that China has brought great changes to world trade in the future. Today, China cannot do without the world, and the world economy needs China. Zhongxin.com Finance Channel launched a series of manuscripts, from the perspective of “going out†of Chinese enterprises, the growth rate of private enterprises, and the ten-year changes of multinational companies in China, to explain to readers how China’s economy has developed rapidly and leaps and bounds in the past decade. How to seize the opportunity of economic globalization in the next decade and move towards a new journey. In the 10 years since the accession to the WTO, the international market has gradually lowered the threshold for entry to China. However, in the face of China’s export trade, the country has also launched a “roadblock†on the road of accelerating China’s foreign trade enterprises. Behind the frequent trade frictions with China is the fact that China has emerged as a trading power. In the past 10 years, China's foreign trade has continued to grow rapidly. Yao Jingyuan, chief economist of the National Bureau of Statistics, said at the 4th China Open Forum held this year that China’s foreign trade has achieved leap-forward development since its accession to the WTO. China’s export scale has leapt to the top in the world, and exports have grown by 4 before the accession to the WTO. Times. At the same time, however, anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard measures, special safeguard measures, anti-circumvention, anti-monopoly, US 337 investigations and technical trade barriers encountered in China's export products are also increasing. According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, since the accession to the end of 2010, China has received 692 trade remedy investigations involving a total of about 40 billion US dollars. In recent years, the trade frictions encountered by Chinese companies have increased substantially year by year, regardless of the number of cases, the type of cases, and the amount involved. In 2009, the number of trade friction cases encountered in China exceeded 100, and the value of the case was about 12 billion US dollars, both of which doubled in 2008. On May 18, 2011, the website of the Ministry of Commerce of China even published three cases of trade friction initiated by the EU against China within one day. Under the influence of trade protectionism, China has not only become the country with the most anti-dumping investigations in the world for 16 consecutive years, but has also become the country with the most countervailing investigations for five consecutive years. Competition of foreign enterprises is unfavorable to Chinese enterprises. High tax rates and other rulings and punishments force companies to withdraw from foreign markets. At the same time that China's export trade frictions have exploded, domestic enterprises have also suffered high-tax rates and other penalties. In June 2010, the EU initiated an anti-dumping investigation on ceramic tiles originating in China. The amount involved is more than 320 million US dollars. Almost all domestic well-known ceramic enterprises are involved in the case, of which more than 80% are Foshan ceramic enterprises, which is called the “biggest†EU anti-dumping case against Chinese ceramic tiles. In September this year, the EU announced the final result, the final tax rate is 69.7%, will be implemented for five years. The industry believes that this result is only down more than 3 points than the 73% of the preliminary ruling, which is still a heavy blow for the Tao. According to the analysis of Blue Guards of Foshan Office of China Ceramic Industry Association, the low-end Chinese ceramic tile products will be “extinct†in the EU market due to the high tax rate. The result of this ruling not only has a direct impact on the export of Chinese ceramic tiles to the EU, but also may have a "domino effect", which has led to more countries filing anti-dumping cases against Chinese ceramic tiles. Since the EU anti-dumping case, South Korea, Argentina, and Peru have successively launched anti-dumping investigations on Chinese tiles. This also means that Chinese ceramic enterprises may lose more foreign markets. At present, anti-dumping and countervailing merger investigations have also become a new means of trade protection for all countries. In April 2009, seven steel companies and related trade union organizations in the United States applied to the US Department of Commerce for a “double-reverse†investigation of oil well pipe products originating in China on the grounds of protecting their employment. In 2009, the US Department of Commerce made a final ruling on the anti-subsidy investigation of oil well pipes imported from China. Based on the government subsidies in China's oil well pipes, the company decided to implement 10.36% to 15.78% of countervailing duties on related products. Sanctions. In addition to countervailing, the US Department of Commerce also imposed an anti-dumping final ruling on China's oil well pipes and decided to impose an anti-dumping duty of 29.94% to 99.14% on oil well pipes imported from China. The case involved a total amount of about 2.7 billion US dollars. It is the largest US trade sanctions against China to date, and the first "double-reverse" case against China after the Obama administration took office. The head of the Fair Trade Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce immediately pointed out that the US domestic industry blamed the industrial difficulties caused by the financial crisis on imported products, took the opportunity to seek trade relief protection, and blindly accused of dumping or subsidies on imported products. Ignoring the financial crisis, the root cause of industrial difficulties, and identifying the damage caused by Chinese oil well pipe products to the US industry is a mistake of disregarding the facts. In October of this year, US solar energy company SolarWorld and six other anonymous solar panel manufacturers filed a trade complaint with the US Department of Commerce and the US International Trade Commission, demanding that the US government conduct anti-dumping and countervailing investigations on Chinese solar panels exported to the United States. And impose more than 100% anti-dumping duties. The United States has once again launched a "double-reverse" investigation into Chinese companies. This is also the first time in the United States that the United States has initiated a "double-reverse" investigation of Chinese companies in the field of new energy. At present, 14 companies have now jointly defended. Although the defense has succeeded in commercialization, in order to resist the US "double-reverse" investigation, the Ministry of Commerce of China has also given a strong "backlash" to determine the US renewable energy support policies and subsidies. Measures to initiate trade barrier investigations. The person in charge of the Import and Export Fair Trade Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce said that if the investigation results indicate that the above policy measures violate the WTO rules and constitute trade barriers, the Ministry of Commerce may take corresponding measures, such as launching the WTO dispute settlement procedures. More than 30% of export enterprises encounter technical barriers to trade. In 2010, only 60 billion US dollars were lost. In addition to tariffs, technical barriers to trade are also an important means of implementing trade protection in many countries. The "337 investigation" in the United States is among the technical barriers to trade. According to the US Tariff Act of 1930, the US International Trade Commission can initiate investigations and impose sanctions on unfair practices in import trade. Since it is based on Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, such investigations are generally referred to as “337 investigationsâ€. The survey is aimed at violations of US intellectual property rights by imported products and other unfair competition in import trade. China is the main target of the US 337 investigation. Some experts believe that the United States is paying more and more attention to China's intellectual property protection issues, which is more due to the consideration of safeguarding its own interests. On the one hand, the United States regards intellectual property protection as a “spearâ€, so that its large enterprises with intellectual property can obtain the maximum benefit after entering the Chinese market; on the other hand, they also regard intellectual property as a “shield†and enter the US market for Chinese enterprises. Set up barriers. In addition, such as the EU rhos directive, epu directive, reach regulations; Japan's agricultural products toxic and hazardous substances positive list system, etc., objectively also improved the entry barriers for imported products. In fact, in international trade, especially in developed countries, the technical standards for commodities are becoming more and more demanding. More and more multinational companies or government procurement require suppliers to submit international certification requirements such as health, safety, environmental protection, social responsibility and quality system. . However, at present, the technical standards of many domestic export products are not high, and international certification is not complete. This has caused many enterprises to break through the technical trade barriers of developed countries, even environmental barriers and social barriers. According to the “Investigation on the Impact of Foreign Technical Trade Measures on Chinese Export Enterprises in 2010†published by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, 31.74% of the 2,598 export enterprises surveyed randomly received different degrees of foreign technical trade measures. The direct loss of export trade for the year was 58.241 billion US dollars, accounting for 3.69% of the export value in the same period. From the perspective of countries and regions, the top four countries that have a greater impact on Chinese enterprises' exports are the European Union, the United States, Japan and Australia, accounting for 37.32%, 27.02%, 6.10% and 5.73% of the total direct losses, respectively.