Milling of modern CNC machines ensures higher surface quality and reduces machining processes for more efficient machining. Although some machines are limited by power and torque, after applying a higher spindle speed, the path planning for most processes can still be achieved. Thanks to the development of new tools and the full use of thin chip theory, the scope of so-called “finishing” is expanding.
Growing Demand After years of development, flat finish milling has gained wide application, and the use of Wiper blades for surface machining has reached a high standard. As part structures become more complex and various design features continue to increase, so does the need for efficient finishing. The use of high precision and high surface quality steps, edges, holes, bosses and forming surfaces in these features is increasing. Of course, in mass production, the cutting of these features can usually be done by special tools with excellent performance; however, for small batch machining, only general-purpose standard tools can usually be used, and increasing competitive pressures require improved cutting performance. It is especially important to choose the right tool type, machining method and cutting parameters.
For these applications, the use of cylindrical milling cutters for radial side milling is the most advantageous solution. However, to date, the machining accuracy and surface quality of indexable tools have not been comparable to finely ground solid carbide end mills, both in terms of machining methods and tool selection. Therefore, when tolerances and surface Ra values ​​are critical, if you need to use indexable tools, you must have a subsequent finishing process. Right-angle face milling is the best solution for cutting step surfaces with low height. However, due to the design of the tool, the right angle face milling cannot meet the processing requirements of high precision and high surface quality when processing the structural features of other parts.
New unique finishing capabilities The continuous development of milling tools makes it possible to have a range of part features for high quality radial side milling.
The CoroMill 790 indexable right angle milling cutter is a very mature high performance tool originally developed for high speed machining of non-ferrous metals such as cavities for aircraft and mold parts. This tool has a long cutting edge and is specially developed for repetitive and interpolation milling of right-angled sides of aluminum alloy parts. The tool can perform many types of milling operations, is extremely efficient, has excellent machining accuracy and is extremely safe and reliable. After further development, today's CM790 tools have been able to process steel, stainless steel, cast iron and super alloys.
In order to successfully use the indexable milling cutter for high-performance radial finishing, the milling cutter must have the following conditions: 1 The positioning of the indexable insert should be very accurate and safe; 2 the body with good rigidity can Maintain high precision; 3 long and precise radial cutting edge; 4 light cutting; 5 sharp cutting edge that works well under small chip thickness; 6 ability to interpolate milling; 7 chip discharge smooth. 8 high standard right angle fine milling This is the unique ability of the CoroMill 790 milling cutter. Very high machining accuracy can be achieved with standard indexable milling cutters. The new inserts are available in two sizes with a major cutting edge size of 18 and 12 mm for maximum axial depth of cut. The radial cutting edge that produces the milled surface uses the Wiper milling blade design technology, which is similar to the new generation of right angle milling cutter CoroMill 490. The cutting edge consisting of a multi-section curve provides good surface quality and provides the ability to compensate for the tool's radial allowance during machining, eliminating even the smallest tooling errors. Therefore, this also makes the CoroMill 790 an ideal alternative to some occasions.
In general, the positioning and clamping of the indexable insert on the body is critical to processability and results. The CoroMill 790 blade is connected to the body by a toothed interface for precise positioning and prevents any slight movement of the blade. The blade is not in contact with the side wall of the insert seat, and the cutting force from all directions and the centrifugal force received at high speed are received by the interface. Open positioning allows the chips to drain smoothly. The accuracy of the toothed interface ensures that the cutting edge is in the correct position in the tool and minimizes the radial runout of the tool caused by the blade error.
Light cutting action CoroMill 790's brisk cutting action is another success factor. Similar to the original design for non-ferrous metal cutting, the new inserts for ISO P, M, K, and N materials also have a positive rake geometry, which results in low cutting power consumption and high metal removal rates. The 790 blade for machining ferrous metals is sharp enough to cut normally when the radial depth of cut (milling width) is small (the chip thickness is small at this time), so that the radial force generated is small, and of course the deflection of the tool Minimal, this is necessary for high-precision cutting (especially taper and good surface quality).
With the new PVD coated grade GC1030, the perfect combination of positive rake angle, sharp cutting edge and strength and durability is achieved. This insert grade is particularly suitable for end milling, which has the wear resistance and edge strength required for small diameter tools or under unstable conditions. The versatility of this grade makes it ideal for use with CoroMill 790 for cutting harder ferrous materials.
Finishing capabilities The CoroMill 790's sharp cutting edge successfully removes machining allowances as low as 0.01 mm. This is very useful when finishing holes, and at this time, conventional boring tools will not work due to insufficient cutting edges. CoroMill 790 tools achieve high roundness and typical applications guarantee roundness tolerances in the 6 micron range. It should be noted that the roundness of the hole at this time is largely determined by the machine tool performance.
The radial depth of cut when milling with CoroMill 790 is typically less than 1 mm. For finishing, the applicable depth range is between 0.25 and 0.5 mm. Under normal circumstances, the processing accuracy is stable until the IT8 is no problem; if the whole process system is in good condition, the machining accuracy can reach IT7; if the whole process system condition is optimal and the processing parameters are further optimized, the machining precision can reach IT6. If the system is rigid enough, the surface roughness when milling with the CoroMill 790 tool can be kept within Ra 0.25 microns.
How productive is it?
Earlier, the advanced basic concept of the CoroMill 790 right-angle milling cutter made it the perfect choice for high-precision and efficient machining of aluminum alloys. Now, the new indexable insert geometry and coating grades continue to evolve to make it possible to handle other workpiece materials. When only roughing and semi-finishing are required, the combination of CoroMill 490 and CoroMill 390 can be processed in many applications. Especially in the mixed production of a variety of processing applications, the use of universal milling cutters can give full play to the advantages of modern CNC machine tools in the ability to process various features such as step faces, sides, various contours, bosses and holes. The use of helical or circular interpolation reduces the need for different diameter boring tools.
Finishing of external bosses is called “outer boring” and often requires expensive non-standard solutions unless a solid carbide milling cutter is used. However, the long cutting edge of the solid carbide end mill due to its direct grinding requires not only a particularly stable and accurate clamping, but also the flexibility of the multi-section curved cutting edge of the Wiper insert. Therefore, solid carbide tools are more suitable for smaller circles that cannot be covered by indexable tools.
The table feed rate of the table is m/min, which is an indicator of the productivity of the milling process. It is the product of the number of teeth of the tool, the spindle speed and the feed per tooth. Increasing the value of any item in this equation can increase productivity. Therefore, the production efficiency of the CoroMill 790 can be improved in two ways - the spindle speed and the feed per tooth (the number of teeth that can be applied to the tool is largely limited by the power and stability of the machine).
CoroMill 790 was originally designed to rapidly mill aluminum alloys at high speeds. As a radial cutting tool, it takes full advantage of the effect of the slit width factor. The width factor is the relationship between the radial depth of cut (milling width) and the tool diameter. For finishing tools, this factor plays a key role in the feed per tooth: the smaller the cut width factor, the greater the amount of feed per tooth after correction.
Chips can be very thin The key value in radial side milling is the maximum chip thickness, which determines the load on the cutting edge. When the amount of the tool cut into the workpiece is less than the radius of the milling cutter, the following effect occurs: the maximum chip thickness gradually decreases along the radial cutting depth of the tool, and it is obvious that the maximum chip thickness and the maximum feed per tooth of the tool related. This provides an opportunity to increase the amount of feed per tooth to take full advantage of the cutting edge – if not, the cutting edge will not be able to fully exploit its design potential. In fact, the feed per tooth can be adjusted according to the tool cut width factor and the desired surface finish.
In radial side milling, the cut width factor is usually quite small, which actually provides the possibility of adjusting the feed per tooth, which will increase the feed per tooth considerably and thus increase productivity - see The following examples.
High potential Assuming a cut width factor (ae/Dc) of 5% (for example a 50 mm diameter tool with a radial depth of cut of 2.5 mm), the maximum chip thickness value for the tool here is 0.2 mm (hex). The recommended maximum chip thickness for this tool will be corrected to 2.3. As a result, the feed per tooth is not set to a maximum chip thickness value of 0.2 mm, but the maximum chip thickness value should be multiplied by a correction value of 2.3 (0.2 x 2.3) so that the feed per tooth should be increased to 0.46 mm. That is to say, if this relationship is not considered, a considerable amount of feed per tooth will be lost, resulting in a loss of table feed and cutting time.
However, this potential may not be fully exploited during finish milling because higher feed per tooth may leave a feed mark that does not meet surface quality requirements. Then, in another way, higher cutting speeds (correspondingly shorter cutting times) can be used to increase production efficiency. In addition, the sharp cutting edge of the PVD coated insert is capable of cutting thinner chips for better surface quality. In order to achieve excellent surface quality in radial finishing milling, the recommended feed per tooth range is 0.1 to 0.2 mm.
It can be said that thin chips are one of the success factors for efficient radial side milling - the high feed rate used is safe. However, it is clear that this can only be achieved with the correct insert geometry and grades, absolute safety and precise blade positioning, and the necessary precision and stability of the milling cutter to achieve part accuracy and surface quality.

Microscope Slides And Cover Slips

1. The glass slide is used to put the sample to be tested, and the cover glass is covered on the sample to be tested.
2. The glass slide is at the bottom, which is the carrier for the material you want to observe, that is, you want to put something on it.
3. The cover glass is smaller than the slide glass. The glass slide is mainly used to hold the observation objects. The cover glass is covered on the slide glass and used for fixing.
4. The glass slide is a thicker piece of glass in the transfer slide, which is used to carry the real object. The cover fragment is the small round or square thin one.
5. Mounting is a general term for a set of things, including slides, coverslips and loaded objects

6. The cover glass is square, the slide glass is rectangular, and the width is longer than the side of the cover glass.

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