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1. Nitrogen deficiency. It is more common, especially in the orchards that have been extensively managed after entering the fruiting period. Generally speaking, the normal nitrogen content of fresh leaves should be 2.2%-2.8%, and when the content drops below 1.5%, the plant growth is weak, the leaf color changes from dark green to light green, and even completely Yellow, but the veins remain green. The tip of the old leaf first showed orange-brown scorch, and spread along the vein to the leaf base. The necrotic part was slightly curled upward, and the fruit developed abnormally, which lowered its commerciality. The organic fertilizer should be fully applied at the time of planting; in the fertility season, the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in an appropriate amount to meet its needs.
2. Phosphorus deficiency. More in the old leaves, not seen in the garden. Only when the phosphorus content of the dry matter of the leaves is less than 0.12%, the growth is severely hindered, and obvious symptoms appear. The old leaves first numb from the veins at the lower part of the top, and the front of the leaves is dark red. The main and lateral veins on the back of the leaves turn red and the base is deeper. Phosphorus mobility is small, it should be mixed with organic fertilizer evenly, and applied as base fertilizer to supplement the effective phosphorus in the soil to meet the needs of plants.
3. Lack of potassium. More on the old leaves. When the potassium deficiency is serious, the leaves grow abnormally, showing a pale yellow-green color, and the leaves of the old leaves are chlorotic and reversing upward. Fine mesenchymal mesophyll tissue often bulges, leaf margins are broken, easy to fall, often resulting in reduced production. Symptoms are exhibited when the potassium content of the leaves is less than 1.5% dry matter. In the absence of potassium, the incidence of flower rot is high, up to 36%. In production practice, potassium fertilizer should be applied in time to meet the demand for potassium in fruit growth and development.
4. Lack of calcium. It is mostly expressed in the newly mature new leaves that were issued that year. First, the color of the base vein becomes dim, even necrotic, and gradually expands to form a necrotic tissue block. The leaves are crisp, dry and fall off, and the shoots die. When the calcium is excessively deficient, the roots die. When the leaf contains less than 0.2% calcium, it will show symptoms. Calcium supplementation is conducive to fruit storage, but should be applied at the appropriate time in the autumn application of base fertilizer.
5. Iron deficiency. More in the young shoots, young leaves. The leaves become thinner, the veins are chlorotic, and they turn pale green to yellowish white, and the early veins are green. In severe cases, most of the leaves turn orange to yellowish white and fall off with less results. When the nursery is deficient in iron, the seedlings are yellow and grow very slowly. Iron deficiency symptoms occur when the dry matter iron content of the leaves is less than 60 ug/g. The cause of iron deficiency is very complicated. Some are due to the lack of iron in the soil or high pH, ​​which makes it difficult to release ferrite effectively. Some of them have roots due to waterlogging, which reduces the absorption capacity of ferrite and leads to iron deficiency. Special care should be taken when growing in areas where the pH of the soil is above 7.5. When correcting, the corresponding technical measures should be taken according to the actual situation. But the cure for this is to change the soil and fertilize. The mature tree garden can be combined with the autumn base fertilizer, and a large amount of organic fertilizer is added with ferrous sulfate (generally, the amount per plant is 1-2 kg). In the emergency, the diseased plant can be sprayed with 350 times of ferrous sulfate to facilitate recovery.
6. Magnesium deficiency. Most of the symptoms in the middle and late mature leaves of the growth, the leaf flesh is yellowish green, the leaf edge fades, and spread to the lateral veins of the leaf center, the leaf base remains green, and sometimes the leaf margin is not obvious. In severe cases, it loses green, the tissue is necrotic, and it is parallel to the leaf margin and has a horseshoe shape. When the magnesium content in the dry matter of the leaves is reduced to 0.1%, the symptoms of magnesium deficiency occur, and the 0.1%-1.0% magnesium sulfate solution can be sprayed to correct.
7. Boron deficiency. Young and new leaves are prone to occur. First, irregular yellow patches appeared in the middle of the young leaves, and spread along both sides of the main and lateral veins, but the leaf margins were normal without losing green. The young leaves of the apex are twisted and deformed, and the growth of the branches is affected. When the dry matter boron content of the leaves is less than 20 mg/g, the symptoms of boron deficiency will appear, but it is not very common. It can be corrected by adding 0.2% borax when combined with root dressing.
8. Zinc deficiency. Zinc is less mobile in the tree and moves relatively only in the phloem, which is easier to express. The new shoots showed lobular symptoms, and the old veins lost green and yellow, gradually expanding the whole leaf. The mesophyll does not see necrotic tissue, and the veins remain green. When the zinc content of the leaf dry matter is less than 12 mg/g, the appearance symptoms appear, and 1.0%-1.5% zinc sulfate spray can be used to treat the crown.
9. Lack of chlorine. In the absence of it, it often affects the absorption of potassium. In the absence of chlorine, firstly, scattered leg greens appear between the main and lateral veins of the old leaves, and then extend from the leaf margin to the main and lateral veins. Sometimes the leaf margins are continuously chlorotic, and the old leaves are often rolled in a cup shape. The growth of roots was weakened, and the tissue at 2 to 3 cm from the apex was swollen, and it was often suspected to be a tumor of the root-knot nematode. In the rainy areas, the chlorine in the soil is easily leached and lost. When the chlorine content of the leaf dry matter is less than 0.8%-2.0%, the chlorine deficiency will also occur, which can be solved by applying potassium chloride.
10. Copper deficiency. When the dry matter copper content of the leaves of the plant is less than 3 mg/g, the symptoms of the damage appear, and the young leaves and the immature leaves begin to chlorotic, and then develop into a bleaching white result, and the growth points of the branches die, and defoliation occurs. At this time, 25 kg/square hectare of copper sulfate can be applied for adjustment. Its normal leaf dry matter content is 10 mg/g.
11. Sulfur deficiency. The initial symptoms are that the edges of the young leaves are light green or yellow, gradually expanding, and only a wedge-shaped green color is maintained at the junction of the main and lateral veins, and finally the young leaves are completely chlorotic. The dry matter sulfur content of the leaves is maintained at 0.25%-0.45%. More suitably, less than 0.18% dry matter will show signs of suffering. The incidence of this symptom is very low, and most fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate already contain enough sulfur.
12. Manganese deficiency. In the middle growth stage, the symptoms of the damage occur when the dry matter of the mature leaves on the vegetative shoots contains less than 30 mg/g of manganese. At this time, the new mature leaf margin is chlorotic, the lateral vein and then the main vein is chlorotic, the tissue between the small veins is uplifted, and the waxy corner is shiny, and finally only the veins remain green. Manganese dysregulation is common in areas with soil pH values ​​above 6.8 or soils with excessive lime. It is supplemented with very fine sulfur, aluminum sulfate or ammonium sulfate to make it absorbable and utilized until the dry matter of the leaves contains 50-150 mg/g of manganese.
Huaxian County Liu Xiuling
How to treat fruit tree deficiency syndrome
In production, due to soil quality and poor management, fruit trees often have symptoms of deficiency, affecting the yield and quality of products, and thus affecting economic benefits.
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