The concept of safe (no pollution) feed qfr China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Pollution-free feed includes both broad and narrow sense. Broadly speaking, pollution-free feed consists of three layers: one is non-toxic to animals; the other is no harmful residues in animal products, no harm to human health; and the third is animal waste. At the same time, in line with these three conditions, it is the pollution-free feed in a broad sense. Accordingly, pollution-free feed means that the substances, varieties and quantities contained in the feed are controlled within the permissible range, do not harm livestock and poultry, do not constitute pollution to the environment, and thus do not affect human health. In the narrow sense, any feed that is not toxic to the animal's body is a pollution-free feed. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Factors affecting feed safety qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1. Insect pests, mites and rodents in feed qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

1 Pest: The feed is often eroded by insect pests during storage, resulting in loss of nutrients or production of toxins. Common pests are: corn elephant, valley elephant, rice elephant, big grain thief, saw grain thief and so on. They not only damage the cake, but also cause losses of up to 5-10%. They also contaminate the feed with various ways such as feces, netting, body dandruff, strange smell and carrying microorganisms. Some insects can also secrete toxins for livestock and poultry. Bring harm. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2 螨 harm: in areas where temperature is suitable and humidity is high, mites are more harmful to feed. Because the cockroaches like to parasitize in a dark and humid environment, its large presence exacerbates the metabolism of carbohydrates in the feed, forming carbon dioxide and water, lowering the enabling value, increasing the water, causing mildew and mildew of the feed, poor palatability, and growth of the animal. Performance is degraded. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3 Rats: The harm of rats is not only that they eat a lot of feed, but also bite chicks, poultry, piglets, causing pollution of feed, causing damage to feed mill packaging, electrical equipment and buildings, causing animals and The spread of human diseases. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2, microbial contamination in feed qfr China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

1 Mold: At present, more than 100 kinds of molds have been found to produce mycin, among which the main causes of poisoning of humans and animals are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Mold can be controlled by proper drying or addition of a mildew inhibitor, which is difficult to remove once the mycotoxin is produced. Although there are some physical, chemical or biological methods for detoxification, it is often difficult to apply in production due to complicated procedures or high costs. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2 Mycotoxins: The more common mycotoxins are aflatoxin, corn erythrotoxin, zearalenone and trichothecene toxin, of which aflatoxin is the most toxic. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

a, aflatoxin: corn, cottonseed, peanuts and biscuits that are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Animals that were contaminated with aflatoxin showed strong cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Among them, ducklings are the most sensitive, followed by piglets, chicks, breeding pigs, and breeders. Aflatoxin is a hepatic toxin, which is mainly caused by acute hepatitis in animals, hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cancer, poor blood coagulation, and decreased immune function. For adult animals, it is more tolerant, but it still inhibits growth, reduces feed utilization, and causes toxins to remain in livestock and poultry products. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

b. Zearalenone: The feeds susceptible to zearalenone are mainly corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, and Yanshou. It is mainly produced by Fusarium, which can cause estrogen hyperactivity in livestock and poultry. The pig is most sensitive, which can make the sow vaginal redness, delayed estrus or estrus, affecting the boar's sperm opening and sexual desire. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

c, trichothecene: T-2 toxins and vomiting toxins such as trichothecene are found in corn, wheat, barley, rye and oats. It is mainly produced by Fusarium oxysporum. The target organs of this toxin are the liver and kidney, which are tissue irritants and direct damage to the skin and mucous membranes. It mainly affects the feeding of livestock and poultry, slowing down its growth, vomiting, blood stasis, severe dermatitis, bleeding, and reduced feed utilization. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

d, Salmonella: It is the most harmful zoonotic pathogenic microorganism in bacteria, and it is a flagellated rod-shaped bacterium. Feeds susceptible to Salmonella contamination are fish meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal. Salmonella, which is a threat to livestock and poultry in China, is porcine cholera, bovine enteritis, and chicken white mites. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3, anti-nutritional factors in the feed qfr China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Anti-nutritional factors in feed mainly include: protease inhibitors, carbohydrate inhibitors, mineral element bioavailability factor, anti-vitamin action factor, and animal immune system action factors. Their presence interferes with the digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients in the feed. The anti-nutritional factors and their side effects contained in common feeds are shown in Table 1. Anti-nutritional factors and their side effects in common feeds - News - Global IC Trade Starts Here.

Feed anti-nutritional factors side effects of bean cake trypsin inhibitor, blood decreased trypsin, chymotrypsin activity; increase trypsin secretion, make cell lectin, anti-protein pancreatic hypertrophy (chicken) intestinal wall damage, increase endogenous protein secretion damage, Affecting growth, death, peanut cake, aflatoxin, anti-trypsin, reducing the nutritional value of feed, affecting growth, causing chronic poisoning of livestock and poultry, cottonseed cake, free gossypol, cyclopropene fatty acid, affecting the effectiveness and change of lysine and mineral elements The permeability of the chicken egg yolk membrane leads to reddening and browning of the protein, dropping of the rapeseed cake, oxazolidine oxime, and isothiocyanate, affecting iodine utilization, palatability and growth rate, causing goiter and damage. Ester tannins, nitrile stimulate mucous membranes, causing phytic acid and oxalic acid to interfere with the bioavailability of mineral elements, forming protein complexes, lupin alkaloids affecting orality, growing wheat and adding arabinoxylan, B- Glucose depletion and viscous feces, hindering the diffusion of nutrients and digestive enzymes, with the low value of sugar and other non-cellulosic polysaccharides, affecting fat and ammonia Lead to a decrease in growth rate and feed conversion rate. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

4, toxic and harmful chemicals in the feed qfr China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

1 Pesticide pollution: In recent years, organic chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides have caused feed pollution and harmed the health of livestock and poultry, and some have caused serious harm to human health. Among these substances, in addition to the rapid decomposition of organic phosphorus in the field, most of them are highly stable in nature and are not easily decomposed. Such as 666, DTY, these two pesticides have stopped production in 1987, but because they have been used for 30 years, DDT takes 4-30 years to decompose and disappear, so we still need to pay great attention to us. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2 Industrial “three wastes” pollution: Industrial “three wastes” can penetrate into feed through multiple channels, such as: arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, 3, 4-benzene, N-nitroso compounds, cyanide , fluoride, etc. Production of Hg1, Cd10, As50, Pd30, Cr300 (chicken), Mo500. If the feed is subjected to industrial "three wastes" for a long time, the body will be enriched with a large amount of harmful substances, causing carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and transferred to humans through meat, eggs, milk, etc., causing public hazards. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3 Pollution caused by nutritive mineral additives: Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, I, Se, Co are mutually synergistic and mutually restrictive, and their deficiency, excess or imbalance of each other can cause livestock Poultry growth dysplasia or poisoning. For example, the imbalance of Ca and P in the feed or the lack of vitamin D may cause cholestasis or osteoporosis in livestock and poultry, and the quality of eggshells will decrease; high Ca hinders the absorption of Zn; high Cu causes the deficiency of Fe and Zn, and the growth of piglets Slowness, dysplasia, hemoglobin decline, and even death; Se is less, the safety factor is only about 50 times, if excessive addition is a highly toxic substance; salt is an essential nutrient for livestock and poultry, and is a flavoring agent. Excessive addition or not excessive, but due to uneven mixing, resulting in local overdose, chicks, piglets are easy to poison; long-term feeding of non-gelatinized calcium hydrogen phosphate or superphosphate, will lead to fluorosis, and Fluorosis can interfere with the absorption of Ca and P. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

5, the pollution caused by non-nutritive additives in the feed qfr China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

With the development of the feed industry, the variety and quantity of feed additives are increasing, especially the use of antibiotics, hormones, antioxidants, mildew inhibitors and sedatives plays a huge role in preventing diseases, improving feed utilization and growth rate. However, if the principle of use is not strictly observed, controlling the use of the object, the safe dosage and the time of withdrawal will cause the drug and its metabolites to remain in the meat, eggs, and milk, and pollute the environment through the excrement of livestock and poultry. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

The addition of antibiotics in compound feed can promote the growth of livestock and poultry, improve the feed conversion rate, prevent livestock diseases, and improve the health of animals. It has obvious economic benefits. Krjider pointed out that antibiotic additives can earn 5-8 times the profit. However, long-term use of certain antibiotics can mutate certain disease protozoa into antibiotics, causing drug resistance problems. In addition, there are problems with drug residues in livestock and poultry products. For example, the degradation of streptomycin is very low, and the degradation products of tetracycline have even stronger hemolysis or hepatotoxicity than tetracycline. As an animal growth promoter, arsenic can inhibit harmful microbes and parasites in the short-term to accelerate the assimilation of the body, promote protein synthesis, improve skin nutrition, and improve feeding efficiency. However, long-term use of arsenic preparations will distort the central nervous system, encephalopathy and optic nerve. The incidence of atrophy is elevated. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Countries with developed feed industries have established regulations on the usage and consumption of additives such as antibiotics. In January 1989, the Ministry of Agriculture of China promulgated the “First Batch of Feed and Drug Additives and Use Regulations”, which proposed the types of drugs that can be added to the compound feed, the livestock and poultry objects, the upper age limit, the highest and lowest doses, and the cessation period. The precautions for use also stipulate that some pharmaceutical additives cannot be used at the same time. Therefore, the addition of additives such as antibiotics to the feed must be carried out in strict accordance with regulations. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

6. Toxic and cross-contamination produced by feed processing qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

The use of advanced processing equipment and scientific control of processing parameters can destroy the toxic and harmful substances in the feed, reduce the loss of nutrients and improve the quality of feed. However, if the process conditions are not properly controlled, the complex additives in the feed will be degraded in the special processing such as crushing, conveying, mixing, granulating and puffing, and organic substances such as minerals and vitamins will be degraded. A series of complex compounds are formed between mineral elements due to oxidation-reduction reactions, which reduces the potency of the active ingredients in the feed and on the other hand produces harmful substances. In addition, mixed pollution in the feed production process is also an important factor affecting the quality of feed hygiene. In addition to the mismatch of formula design, inaccurate ingredients, misplacement, and mis-injection, it also represents equipment residues during processing and batch change, especially contamination caused by mixer residues. Therefore, in the processing of feed, especially in the production of medicated feed, attention should be paid to the cleaning of the equipment to avoid grading and residue during transportation and mixing. Qfr China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry